ABSTRACT
Abstract Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is among the biotic factors which has greatly affected both the yield and the quality of the tomato crop. The egg parasitic nematode, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl) is considered as one of the most promising agents in controlling and overcoming this plant pathogen. The nematicidal effect of the native isolate Pl AUMC 10149 on second stage juvenile's survival and egg hatching of M. incognita at different times of exposure was tested in vitro. The obtained data showed that Pl gave a maximum percentage of J2 mortality (97.6%) and egg hatching inhibition (79.8%) after 72 hours of exposure. The potentiality of Pl as well as Bio-Nematon to control M. incognita infecting tomato was conducted using different times of application in vivo. Nine treatments with five replicates were used for such bioagents compared with the nematicide Oxamyl. Each seedling was inoculated with 1000 J2s of nematode/pot and 10 mL of Pl (1x1010 CFU/mL) or Bio-Nematon spore suspension (1x108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. The results indicated that the most effective treatments in reducing nematode population, number of galls and egg masses of M. incognita in plant roots was performed with treatment by Pl pre-planting and post-infection with Pl (Rf 1.9) giving a significant enhancement in plant length (64.9%), fresh weight (72.52%) and shoot dry weight (163.41%) without negatively impacting environment. Therefore, the present study confirmed that using P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 can be used as a practical supplement to environmentally friendly disease management of root-knot nematodes in Egypt.
Resumo O nematoide-das-galhas Meloidogyne incognita está entre os fatores bióticos que afetaram enormemente a produção e a qualidade da cultura do tomate. O nematoide parasita de ovos, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl), é considerado um dos mais promissores agentes no controle e superação desse fitopatógeno. O efeito nematicida do isolado nativo Pl AUMC 10149 na sobrevivência de juvenis de segundo estágio e na eclosão dos ovos de M. incognita em diferentes momentos de exposição foi testado in vitro. Os dados obtidos mostraram que o Pl deu um percentual máximo de mortalidade de J2 (97.6%) e inibição da eclosão dos ovos (79.8%) após 72 horas de exposição. A potencialidade de Pl e de Bio-Nematon para controlar M. incognita infectando tomate foi conduzida em diferentes tempos de aplicação in vivo. Nove tratamentos com cinco repetições foram usados para tais bioagentes em comparação com o nematicida Oxamyl. Cada muda foi inoculada com 1.000 J2s de nematoide / vaso e 10 mL de Pl (1×1010 CFU/mL). Ou suspensão de esporos Bio-Nematon (1×108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. Os resultados indicaram que os tratamentos mais eficazes na redução da população de nematoides, número de galhas e desovas de M. incognita nas raízes das plantas foram realizados com Pl pré-plantio e pós-infecção com Pl (Rf 1.9), dando um aumento significativo no comprimento da planta (64.9%), massa fresca (72.52%) e massa seca da parte aérea (163.41%) sem impactar negativamente o meio ambiente. Portanto, o presente estudo confirmou que o uso de P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 pode ser usado como um suplemento prático para o manejo ecologicamente correto de nematoides-das-galhas no Egito.
Subject(s)
Animals , Tylenchoidea/pathogenicity , Solanum lycopersicum/parasitology , Biological Control Agents , HypocrealesABSTRACT
Agriculture sector of Saudi Arabia is growing swiftly and tomato is an important crop cultivated mostly under green houses. Unfortunately, it is facing severe infestation due to divers mite species. Present study, relates to evaluation of toxicity of oxamyl against two phytophagous mites; Aculops lycopersici and Tetranychus urticae, isolated from tomato plants suffering from infestation. Simultaneous effect of oxamyl on two predatory mites; Neosiulus cucumeris and Euseius scutalis, was also evaluated. Three concentrations of oxamyl; half of the recommended dose (HRD), recommended dose (RD) and double recommended dose (DRD), were used against each mite specie to observe mortality within seven days as compared to the control. Significant mortality of 97.91% and 93.92% was observed in A. lycopersici and T. urticae, respectively at RD. In case of predatory mites; N. cucumeris and E. scutalis, mortality was 60.61% and 64.48%, respectively, under same conditions. Mortality of mites observed at HRD was insignificant and there was negligible increase in mortality at DRD. Oxamyl being less toxic to predatory mites and significantly mortal to phytophagous mites is recommended as a tool to as a tool to achieve biological control parallel to pesticidal effect.
O setor agrícola da Arábia Saudita está crescendo rapidamente e o tomate é uma cultura importante cultivada principalmente em estufas. Infelizmente, está enfrentando uma infestação severa devido a diversas espécies de ácaros. O presente estudo refere-se à avaliação da toxicidade do oxamil contra dois ácaros fitófagos; Aculops lycopersici e Tetranychus urticae, isolados de tomateiros infestados. Efeito simultâneo de oxamil em dois ácaros predadores; Neosiulus cucumeris e Euseius scutalis, também foi avaliado. Três concentrações de oxamil; metade da dose recomendada (HRD), dose recomendada (RD) e dose dupla recomendada (DRD), foram usados ââcontra cada espécie de ácaro para observar a mortalidade em sete dias em comparação com o controle. Mortalidade significativa de 97,91% e 93,92% foi observada em A. lycopersici e T. urticae, respectivamente no RD. No caso de ácaros predadores; N. cucumeris e E. scutalis, a mortalidade foi de 60,61% e 64,48%, respectivamente, nas mesmas condições. A mortalidade de ácaros observada no HRD foi insignificante e houve um aumento insignificante na mortalidade no DRD. Oxamil sendo menos tóxico para ácaros predadores e significativamente mortal para ácaros fitófagos é recomendado como ferramenta para alcançar o controle biológico paralelo ao efeito pesticida.
Subject(s)
Animals , Pest Control, Biological , Solanum lycopersicum , Agriculture , Mites , Saudi ArabiaABSTRACT
Abstract Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita is among the biotic factors which has greatly affected both the yield and the quality of the tomato crop. The egg parasitic nematode, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl) is considered as one of the most promising agents in controlling and overcoming this plant pathogen. The nematicidal effect of the native isolate Pl AUMC 10149 on second stage juveniles survival and egg hatching of M. incognita at different times of exposure was tested in vitro. The obtained data showed that Pl gave a maximum percentage of J2 mortality (97.6%) and egg hatching inhibition (79.8%) after 72 hours of exposure. The potentiality of Pl as well as Bio-Nematon to control M. incognita infecting tomato was conducted using different times of application in vivo. Nine treatments with five replicates were used for such bioagents compared with the nematicide Oxamyl. Each seedling was inoculated with 1000 J2s of nematode/pot and 10 mL of Pl (1x1010 CFU/mL) or Bio-Nematon spore suspension (1x108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. The results indicated that the most effective treatments in reducing nematode population, number of galls and egg masses of M. incognita in plant roots was performed with treatment by Pl pre-planting and post-infection with Pl (Rf 1.9) giving a significant enhancement in plant length (64.9%), fresh weight (72.52%) and shoot dry weight (163.41%) without negatively impacting environment. Therefore, the present study confirmed that using P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 can be used as a practical supplement to environmentally friendly disease management of root-knot nematodes in Egypt.
Resumo O nematoide-das-galhas Meloidogyne incognita está entre os fatores bióticos que afetaram enormemente a produção e a qualidade da cultura do tomate. O nematoide parasita de ovos, Purpureocillium lilacinum (Pl), é considerado um dos mais promissores agentes no controle e superação desse fitopatógeno. O efeito nematicida do isolado nativo Pl AUMC 10149 na sobrevivência de juvenis de segundo estágio e na eclosão dos ovos de M. incognita em diferentes momentos de exposição foi testado in vitro. Os dados obtidos mostraram que o Pl deu um percentual máximo de mortalidade de J2 (97.6%) e inibição da eclosão dos ovos (79.8%) após 72 horas de exposição. A potencialidade de Pl e de Bio-Nematon para controlar M. incognita infectando tomate foi conduzida em diferentes tempos de aplicação in vivo. Nove tratamentos com cinco repetições foram usados para tais bioagentes em comparação com o nematicida Oxamyl. Cada muda foi inoculada com 1.000 J2s de nematoide / vaso e 10 mL de Pl (1×1010 CFU/mL). Ou suspensão de esporos Bio-Nematon (1×108 CFU/mL) 10mL/pot. Os resultados indicaram que os tratamentos mais eficazes na redução da população de nematoides, número de galhas e desovas de M. incognita nas raízes das plantas foram realizados com Pl pré-plantio e pós-infecção com Pl (Rf 1.9), dando um aumento significativo no comprimento da planta (64.9%), massa fresca (72.52%) e massa seca da parte aérea (163.41%) sem impactar negativamente o meio ambiente. Portanto, o presente estudo confirmou que o uso de P. lilacinum AUMC 10149 pode ser usado como um suplemento prático para o manejo ecologicamente correto de nematoides-das-galhas no Egito.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Responses of three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) hybrids viz. 'Luanova', 'Savarona' and 'Tessera' to various doses (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g L-1) of soil application of humic acid (HA) were evaluated in terms of plant growth, productivity and quality of fruits, under greenhouse conditions, during 2011-12 and 2012-13. In addition to improved quality characteristics, higher values for yield and yield components were recorded for tomato fruits harvested from plants of 'Tessera' cultivar compared to those harvested from other hybrids tested, regardless of growing seasons. Plants from 'Luanova' cultivar were, however, earlier in fruiting with higher number of fruits per plant. Soil application of HA presented positive effects on yield and physicochemical quality of tomato fruits irrespective of the dose of HA and the cultivar investigated, in both seasons. Soil application of HA at higher dose 1.5 g L-1 exhibited better results in all the three tomato cultivars tested, in terms of their vegetative and reproductive growth, and significantly improved the physicochemical quality of their fruits. Conclusively, the tomato hybrid 'Tessera' was found suitable for cultivation under greenhouse conditions while soil application of aqueous solution of HA @ 1.5 g L-1 substantially resulted in higher production of quality tomato fruits.
Resumo Respostas de três híbridos de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) viz. 'Luanova', 'Savarona' e 'Tessera' para várias doses (0, 0,5, 1,0, 1,5 e 2,0 g L-1) de aplicação de ácido húmico (AH) no solo foram avaliadas em termos de crescimento da planta, produtividade e qualidade de frutas, em casa de vegetação, durante 2011-12 e 2012-13. Além das características de qualidade melhoradas, valores mais elevados para o rendimento e os componentes do rendimento foram registrados para frutos de tomate colhidos de plantas do cultivar 'Tessera' em comparação com aqueles colhidos de outros híbridos testados, independentemente das estações de cultivo. As plantas do cultivar 'Luanova', no entanto, frutificaram mais cedo com maior número de frutos por planta. A aplicação de AH no solo apresentou efeitos positivos sobre a produtividade e a qualidade físico-química dos frutos de tomate, independentemente da dose de AH e do cultivar investigado, nas duas safras. A aplicação de HA no solo na dose maior de 1,5 g L-1 apresentou melhores resultados nos três cultivares de tomate testados, quanto ao crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo, e melhorou significativamente a qualidade físico-química dos frutos. Conclusivamente, o híbrido de tomate 'Tessera' foi considerado adequado para cultivo em casa de vegetação, enquanto a aplicação no solo de solução aquosa de HA @ 1,5 g L-1 resultou substancialmente em maior produção de frutos de tomate de qualidade.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Agriculture sector of Saudi Arabia is growing swiftly and tomato is an important crop cultivated mostly under green houses. Unfortunately, it is facing severe infestation due to divers mite species. Present study, relates to evaluation of toxicity of oxamyl against two phytophagous mites; Aculops lycopersici and Tetranychus urticae, isolated from tomato plants suffering from infestation. Simultaneous effect of oxamyl on two predatory mites; Neosiulus cucumeris and Euseius scutalis, was also evaluated. Three concentrations of oxamyl; half of the recommended dose (HRD), recommended dose (RD) and double recommended dose (DRD), were used against each mite specie to observe mortality within seven days as compared to the control. Significant mortality of 97.91% and 93.92% was observed in A. lycopersici and T. urticae, respectively at RD. In case of predatory mites; N. cucumeris and E. scutalis, mortality was 60.61% and 64.48%, respectively, under same conditions. Mortality of mites observed at HRD was insignificant and there was negligible increase in mortality at DRD. Oxamyl being less toxic to predatory mites and significantly mortal to phytophagous mites is recommended as a tool to as a tool to achieve biological control parallel to pesticidal effect.
Resumo O setor agrícola da Arábia Saudita está crescendo rapidamente e o tomate é uma cultura importante cultivada principalmente em estufas. Infelizmente, está enfrentando uma infestação severa devido a diversas espécies de ácaros. O presente estudo refere-se à avaliação da toxicidade do oxamil contra dois ácaros fitófagos; Aculops lycopersici e Tetranychus urticae, isolados de tomateiros infestados. Efeito simultâneo de oxamil em dois ácaros predadores; Neosiulus cucumeris e Euseius scutalis, também foi avaliado. Três concentrações de oxamil; metade da dose recomendada (HRD), dose recomendada (RD) e dose dupla recomendada (DRD), foram usados contra cada espécie de ácaro para observar a mortalidade em sete dias em comparação com o controle. Mortalidade significativa de 97,91% e 93,92% foi observada em A. lycopersici e T. urticae, respectivamente no RD. No caso de ácaros predadores; N. cucumeris e E. scutalis, a mortalidade foi de 60,61% e 64,48%, respectivamente, nas mesmas condições. A mortalidade de ácaros observada no HRD foi insignificante e houve um aumento insignificante na mortalidade no DRD. Oxamil sendo menos tóxico para ácaros predadores e significativamente mortal para ácaros fitófagos é recomendado como ferramenta para alcançar o controle biológico paralelo ao efeito pesticida.
ABSTRACT
Aims: This research explored the effect of exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment on sugar metabolism in tomato fruits, and provided theoretical basis for the regulation of ABA on the growth and development of tomato fruits. Study Design: The whole tomato plant was treated by spraying with 50 mg·L-1 ABA. Spraying distilled water was as the control. Place and Duration of Study: College of Biological Science and Technology, between February 2019 and March 2020. Methodology: The contents of soluble sugar in tomato fruits were measured with HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography). The enzyme extraction and activities were followed the biochemical method. Results: Exogenous ABA treatment reduced the weight and transverse meridians of the fruit at the ripening stage, but increased the contents of fructose, glucose and sucrose in the fruit. At the same time, it also increased the activities of acid invertase, neutral invertase, and sucrose phosphate synthase at the ripening stage. Conclusions: Exogenous ABA treatment was beneficial to the accumulation of sugar in tomato fruit and improved tomato quality. Therefore, it could be applied to tomato production.
ABSTRACT
This study aimed to evaluate the best methods from extracting natural pigments from tomato fruit wastes by four techniques used to extract lycopene and β-carotene each of them consisting of three solvents: ethanol, acetone and hexane in the following ratios (1:1:1), (2:1:1), (1:2:1) and (1:1:2) ml respectively. We studied too the possibility of encapsulation by freeze drying with a mixture of gelatin and gum Arabic as a carrier in nine microcapsules differing with respect to the total encapsulant (E) (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5%) and core (C) concentrations, the latter varying in relation to the total weight of encapsulant (25, 50, and 75%). The nine microcapsules were coded as follows: (1) E2.5/C25; (2) E2.5/C50; (3) E2.5/C75; (4) E5.0/C25; (5) E5.0/C50; (6) E5.0/C75; (7) E7.5/C25; (8) E7.5/C50; and (9) E7.5/C75. We found that the best solvent mixture for the extraction process was 1:1:2, and the most efficient microcapsules were E5.0/C75, E5.0/C50 and E2.5/C25. By studying the stability of the best three microcapsules when exposed to different values of heat, light, oxygen and pH, it was found that the most stable of them was E5.0/C75, followed by E5.0/C50 and then E2.5/C25. It was therefore recommended that further future studies are needed to evaluate the potential of this microcapsule as a natural additive in food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
ABSTRACT
Background: Tomato is a source of bioactive compounds, antimicrobials, and antioxidants. Tomato leaf preparations have been empirically used for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibiotic, and antiseptic purposes. However, research on the potential activity of tomato leaf extracts against oral microorganisms and in managing oropharyngeal infections is scarce. Objective: To investigate tomato leaf ethanolic extract's antioxidant and growth inhibitory capacity against common oral pathogenic microorganisms, namely, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Candida albicans.Methods: Ethanolic extracts were made from 'Chonto' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaves. The antimicrobial activity was measured with the microdilution technique using vancomycin and fluconazole as positive controls. The antioxidant capacity was measured with the ORAC assay using Trolox as a positive control. Results: We found a high percentage of growth inhibition (≥100%) against S. mutans and P. gingivalis at a concentration of 500 mg/L. However, the extract was ineffective in inhibiting the growth of C. albicans. Finally, we observed that the extract exerted a high antioxidant capacity (126%) compared to the positive control. Conclusions: This study provides new insights into the potential antimicrobial effect of tomato leaf extracts on common oral pathogenic bacteria, which may ultimately result in the development of new herbal products that might help prevent and treat oral infections, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Our findings also support previous studies on the high antioxidant capacity of tomato leaf extracts
Antecedentes: El tomate es una fuente de compuestos bioactivos, antimicrobianos y antioxidantes. Las hojas de tomate se han utilizado empíricamente con fines antiinflamatorios, analgésicos, antibióticos y antisépticos. Sin embargo, los estudios sobre la actividad de los extractos de hojas de tomate contra los microorganismos orales y en el manejo de las infecciones orofaríngeas son escasos. Objetivo: Investigar la capacidad antioxidante del extracto etanólico de la hoja de tomate y su actividad inhibitoria de crecimiento contra microorganismos patógenos orales comunes, a saber, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis y Candida albicans.Métodos: Se realizaron extractos etanólicos a partir de hojas de tomate 'Chonto' (Lycopersicon esculentum). La actividad antimicrobiana se midió con la técnica de microdilución utilizando vancomicina y fluconazol como controles positivos. La capacidad antioxidante se midió con el ensayo ORAC utilizando Trolox como control positivo. Resultados: Encontramos un alto porcentaje de inhibición del crecimiento (≥100%) contra a S. mutans y P. gingivalis a una concentración de 500 mg/L. Sin embargo, el extracto fue ineficaz en la inhibición el crecimiento de C. albicans. Finalmente, observamos que el extracto tuvo una alta capacidad antioxidante (126%) en comparación con el control positivo. Conclusiones: Este estudio proporciona nuevos conocimientos sobre el posible efecto antimicrobiano de los extractos de hojas de tomate en bacterias patógenas orales comunes, lo cual puede resultar en el desarrollo de nuevos productos naturales que podrían ayudar a prevenir y tratar infecciones orales, como la caries dental y la enfermedad periodontal. Nuestros hallazgos también respaldan los estudios previos sobre la alta capacidad antioxidante de los extractos de hojas de tomate
Subject(s)
Humans , Antioxidants , Streptococcus mutans , Candida albicans , Porphyromonas gingivalis , Solanum lycopersicum , EthanolABSTRACT
The study was carried out to determine and compare pesticide residue levels in tomatoes from Mwea Irrigation Scheme. Thirty five tomato samples of Rambo variety randomly collected from open fields, greenhouses, markets and consumers were analyzed using QuEChERS method. Results showed that pesticide residue leve;s from greenhouse tomatoes was higher compared to open fields, markets and consumers. Alpha-cypermethrin level in greenhouse tomatoes (0.0871±0.0087mg/kg) was significantly (p<0.01) higher than from consumers (0.0218±0.0061mg/kg) while difenoconazole from greenhouse tomatoes (0.2597±0.0522 mg/kg) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than from the open field (0.0295±0.0014 mg/kg). Carbendazim level in greenhouse (1.2341±0.1667 mg/kg) tomatoes was significantly (p<0.001) higher than from open fields (0.0596±0.0178 mg/kg), markets (0.1160±0.0490 mg/kg) and consumers (0.0494±0.0155 mg/kg). Imidacloprid in greenhouse tomatoes (0.1446±0.0086 mg/kg) was significantly (p<0.001) higher than from the markets (0.0236±0.0019 mg/kg) and consumers (0.0170±0.0017 mg/kg). High pesticide residue levels in tomatoes are a health concern for consumers. Enforcing the food safety laws, enhancing farmer training on safe use of pesticides and creating awareness on pesticide risks would promote production of uncontaminated crops consumed locally.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN La materia prima del fitomejoramiento es la variabilidad genética, que se presenta baja, en especies en proceso de domesticación, que no han sido sometidas a selección, como en Solanum betaceum. Una de las tecnologías para incrementar la variabilidad genética es la inducción de mutagénesis. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar, a través de marcadores RAMs, las variaciones moleculares presentes en plántulas de S. betaceum, provenientes de semillas sometidas a diferentes concentraciones del agente mutante dietil sulfato (DES). Los loci polimórficos oscilaron entre 87,5 y 100 % y el número de alelos efectivos (Ne), entre 1,0 y 1,99. Los loci más polimórficos se observaron en TG, AG, ACA y CGA, que mostraron una heterosis media insesgada entre 0,34 y 0,51, que permite establecer que estos marcadores sean útiles para obtener mayor discriminación entre mutantes en S. betaceum. Las distancias genéticas oscilaron entre 0,30 y 1,0. El 81,28 % de estos registros se dieron entre 0,60 y 0,90; esto revela bajo nivel de cambios, debido al DES. Estos pequeños cambios contribuyeron a enriquecer la variabilidad genética de la muestra tratada con DES. Los marcadores RAMs fueron útiles para detectar cambios entre plantas provenientes de semillas tratadas con DES y plantas normales. La variabilidad genética entre tratamientos con DES fueron más altos que tratamientos sin DES. Las similitudes genéticas fueron bajas entre plantas tratadas y no tratadas y fueron altas, entre no tratadas. Los cambios producidos por DES fueron de baja magnitud; sin embargo, produjeron cambios en los niveles de variabilidad genética.
ABSTRACT The raw material for plant breeding is genetic variability, which is low in species in the process of domestication that have not been subjected to selection, as is the case with Solanum betaceum. One of the technologies to increase genetic variability is mutagenesis induction. The objective was to evaluate, through RAMs markers, the molecular variations present in S. betaceum seedlings from seeds previously subjected to different concentrations of the mutant agent diethyl sulfate (DES). The polymorphic loci ranged from 87.5 to 100%, number of effective alleles (Ne) between 1.0 and 1.99. The most polymorphic loci were observed in TG, AG, ACA, and CGA, which showed a mean unbiased heterosis between 0.34 and 0.51 with an average of 0.44, which allows establishing that these markers are useful to obtain greater discrimination between mutants in S. betaceum. Genetic distances ranged from 0.30 to 1.0. The 81.28% of these records were between 0.60 and 0.90. This reveals a low level of changes due to DES. These small changes contribute to enriching the genetic variability of the DES-treated sample. The RAMs markers were useful for detecting changes between plants from DES treated seeds and normal plants. Genetic variability between DES treatments was higher than non-DES treatments. Genetic similarities were low between treated and untreated plants and were high among untreated plants. The changes produced by DES were of low magnitude, however, they produced changes in the levels of genetic variability.
ABSTRACT
Aims: SA (Salicylic acid) is a key regulator for sugar metabolic pathway, but the regulating function on sugar metabolism in tomato seedlings is imperfect. In this study, tomato seedlings were sprayed with SA, and then soluble sugar contents, enzyme related to sugar metabolism levels, gene expressions were determined. Study Design: In order to analyze the mechanism of SA in sugar metabolic pathway, tomato seedlings were sprayed with SA, and then soluble sugar contents, enzyme related to sugar metabolism levels, gene expressions were determined. Place and Duration of Study: College of Biological Science and Technology, between December 2021 and May 2022. Methodology: The expressions of genes related to sugar metabolism in tomato were measured by qRT-PCR. The contents of soluble sugar in tomato seedings were measured with HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography). Results: The sugar metabolism in tomato seedlings was affected by SA treatment for 6 h. The contents of fructose, glucose and sucrose were improved in tomato seedlings by SA treatment. Between 6 to 24 h, enzymatic activities of SlAI, SlNI and SlSS were higher than those in controls, while there was little change in enzyme activity of SISPS. Conclusion: The contents of soluble sugar, enzyme activities related to sugar metabolism had changed considerably by SA treatment. Especially from 6 h to 24 h after SA treatment, the contents of fructose and glucose were significantly higher than those of the control group, and the changes of sugar contents were mainly related to the increases of enzyme activities of AI, NI and SS, suggesting that SA treatment mainly affected the activities of SlAI, SlNI and SlSS to promote the accumulations of soluble sugars.
ABSTRACT
An Infrared dryer was used to examine the drying of tomato slices. In this investigation, the influence of infrared radiation (IR) on the rate of drying, physical quality, energy combustion of tomato was estimated at three different levels of intensity at 0.15, 0.20, and 0.35 W/cm² under different air flows of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/s. Tomato slices were dried with an initial moisture content of 19.7 to 0.17 g water/g dry solids by infrared drying. The moisture content and drying rates are found to be dramatically affected by infrared density. An increase in the drying rate and a decrease in the drying period occurred with increasing infrared intensity. A decrease in energy consumption was detected with the increase of radiation intensity. The results clarified that the shrinkage ratio increased with increasing infrared intensity. The rehydration ratio raised with the increase in radiation intensity. The change in the colour difference of dried slices increased with an increase in radiation intensity. The models were in comparison using (R²) coefficient of determination, modelling efficiency (EF), and (χ²) reduced chi-square. Midilli model was fit for simulation of all drying conditions and could be used to estimate tomato moisture content at any time during the infrared drying process.
Subject(s)
Kinetics , Solanum lycopersicum , Infrared RaysABSTRACT
A comparative study was perfomed with conventional and ultrasound assisted extraction on tomato processing waste. Ultrasound extraction exhibited slightly higher phenolic and flavonoids content, as well as higher ABTS + radical scavenging capacity (4.63 mg GAE.g-1, 0.96 mg RUE.g-1 and 27.90 µmol TE.g -1 respectively). On both extracts, a high percentage of flavonoids was lost during simulated digestion, resulting on a bioacessibility of approximately 13 %. Extracts presented good stability during storage conditions, which indicates a possible technological application.
Foi realizado um estudo comparativo com a extração convencional e assistida por ultrassom em resíduos do processamento de tomate. A extração ultrassônica exibiu teor de fenólicos e flavonóides ligeiramente maiores, bem como maior capacidade antioxidante ABTS + (4,63 mg AG.g-1, 0,96 mg RUE.g-1 e 27,90 µmol TE.g -1, respectivamente). Em ambos os extratos, uma alta porcentagem de flavonóides foi perdida durante a digestão simulada, resultando em uma bioacessibilidade de aproximadamente 13%. Os extratos apresentaram boa estabilidade durante as condições de armazenamento, o que indica uma possível aplicação tecnológica.
Subject(s)
Solanum lycopersicum/chemistry , Phenolic Compounds/analysis , Phytochemicals/analysis , Antioxidants/analysis , UltrasonicsABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of black tomato concentrated sauce in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) with lower urinary tract symptoms(LUTS).Methods:An open, randomized and controlled trial was conducted, and 150 BPH patients with LUTS were randomly assigned to three groups: experimental group(60 cases), placebo group (45 cases) and positive control group(45 cases) in the Department of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital from December 2018 to September 2020.Inclusion criteria: age≥50 years old; first diagnosis of BPH, or interrupted medical treatment of BPH for more than 1 month; maximum urinary flow rate (Q max) <15ml/s; prostate volume (PV)≥20ml; IPSS≥8, QOL≥2. Exclusion criteria: lower urinary tract obstruction not caused by BPH, post-void residual urine volume(PVR) >250 ml; history of acute urinary retention in the last 3 months; prostate nodules and suspected prostate cancer were revealed by digital rectal examination and transrectal B-ultrasoundor; prostate-specific antigen (PSA)≥10 ng/ml; neurogenic bladder, perivous history of bladder, prostate, or urethra operations; suffering from serious heart, lung, liver, kidney and other diseases. The patients in the experimental group were orally treated with black tomato concentrated sauce(30 g/once, 3 times/day). The patients in the placebo group were orally administrated with placebo. In the positive control group, the patients with PV≤30ml were orally treated with tamsulosin(0.2mg/once, 1 time/day), the patients with PV>30ml were orally administrated with tamsulosin and finasteride(5 mg/once, 1 time/day). All enrolled patients were treated for 3 months. At the end of third month, the IPSS, QOL, PV, PVR, Q max, average urinary flow rate(Q ave), total PSA(tPSA), free PSA (fPSA), testosterone(TST) and the incidence of adverse reaction were assessed. Results:128 of 150 cases, including 52 cases in experimental group, 36 cases in placebo group and 40 cases in positive control group, completed the study, the rest was excluded due to not take medication regularly and fail to follow-up. There were no significant differences in baseline parameters among experimental group, placebo group and positive control group ( P>0.05) in age[(63.21±8.61) vs.(62.36±6.32) vs. (63.94±7.78)years old], body mass index[(23.74±3.17) vs. (23.94±3.09) vs. (24.26±2.91)kg/m 2], IPSS[(17.5±6.6) vs. (15.4±5.8) vs. (17.9±6.8)], QOL[4.0(3.0, 4.0) vs. 4.0(3.0, 4.5) vs. 4.0(3.0, 5.0)], Q max [(8.60±3.04) vs. (9.13±2.92) vs. (9.58±3.26) ml/s], Q ave[(4.39±1.69) vs. (4.66±1.76) vs. (4.88±1.60)ml/s], PV [32.00(25.55, 45.40)vs. 30.00(24.45, 38.35)vs. 34.80(27.65, 56.65)ml], PVR[23.50(8.25, 45.75) vs.5.50(0, 47.75) vs. 29.00(0, 84.00)ml], tPSA [1.53(0.89, 3.00) vs. 1.23(0.69, 1.98) vs. 2.23(0.90, 4.15)ng/ml], fPSA [0.37(0.28, 0.76) vs. 0.37(0.22, 0.52) vs. 0.54(0.30, 0.97) ng/ml] and TST[(443.64±156.32) vs. (493.97±176.16) vs. (450.89±135.08)ng/dl]. After 3 months of treatment, the IPSS in experimental group was(9.9±5.7), QOL score 2.0(2.0, 3.0), Q max(11.78±5.24)ml/s, Q ave(5.86±3.00)ml/s, tPSA 1.64(0.96, 3.32)ng/ml and TST (475.91±177.33)ng/dl, which were significantly different compared with pre-treatment( P<0.05). In positive control group, IPSS was (9.0±6.2), QOL 2.0(2.0, 3.0), Q max(11.73±4.50)ml/s, Q ave(6.11±2.53)ml/s, tPSA 1.57(0.80, 3.09)ng/ml, fPSA 0.37(0.24, 0.63)ng/ml and TST (526.11±126.88)ng/dl, which were statistically different compared with pre-treatment( P<0.01). However, there were no significant differences in all the above indexes in placebo control group compared with the baseline( P>0.05). The numerical changes of IPSS, QOL, Q maxand Q ave between experimental group and placebo group had statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). The changes of IPSS, QOL, Q max, Q ave, PV, tPSA, fPSA and TST between positive control group and placebo group had significant differences ( P<0.05). The changes of PV, tPSA and fPSA between positive control group and experimental group had statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions was 5.77% (3/52, including 1 headache and 2 stomach discomfort) in experimental group, 5.56% (2/36, including 1 headache and 1 stomach discomfort) in placebo group, and 10.00%(4/40, including 1 dizzy, 1 nasal obstruction and 2 erectile dysfunction) in positive control group. And there was no statistical difference in the incidence of adverse reactions among three groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Black tomato concentrated sauce shows an excellent effect on patients with LUTS/BPH, and improves the quality of life with few adverse events.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN El neotrópico es sitio de origen de gran variedad de plantas que actualmente son cultivadas con éxito en diferentes regiones del mundo. Sin embargo, condiciones climáticas adversas, que se pueden ver acrecentadas por efectos del cambio climático antropogénico, pueden afectar su rendimiento y productividad debido a las situaciones de estrés abiótico que se pueden generar. Como alternativa para contrarrestar estos efectos, se ha experimentado con modificaciones genéticas, particularmente en genes relacionados con la producción de osmolitos y factores de transcripción que han llevado a que estas plantas, a nivel experimental, tengan mayor tolerancia a estrés oxidativo, altas y bajas temperaturas y fotoinhibición, sequía y salinidad, mediante la acumulación de osmoprotectores, la regulación en la expresión de genes y cambios en el fenotipo. En este trabajo se presentan y describen las estrategias metodológicas planteadas con estos fines y se complementan con ejemplos de trabajos realizados en cultivos de origen neotropical de importancia económica, como maíz, algodón, papa y tomate. Además, y debido a la novedad y potencial que ofrece la edición génica por medio del sistema CRISPR/Cas9, también se mencionan trabajos realizados en plantas con origen neotropical, enfocados en comprender e implementar mecanismos de tolerancia a sequía. Las metodologías aquí descritas podrían constituirse en opciones prácticas para mejorar la seguridad alimentaria con miras a contrarrestar las consecuencias negativas del cambio climático antropogénico.
ABSTRACT The neotropics are the site of origin of a large variety of plants that are currently successfully cultivated in different regions of the world. However, adverse climatic conditions, which can be exacerbated by the effects of anthropogenic climate change, can affect their yield and productivity due to the abiotic stresses that can be generated. As an alternative to counteract these effects, genetic modifications have been experimentally implemented, particularly in genes related to osmolyte production and transcription factors, which have ultimately led to increased tolerance of these plants to oxidative stress, high and low temperatures and photoinhibition, drought and salinity, through the accumulation of osmoprotectants, regulation of gene expression and changes in phenotype. In this work, the methodological strategies proposed to these aims are presented and described, and they are complemented with examples of studies carried out in economically important crops of neotropical origin, such as corn, cotton, potato and tomato. In addition, and due to the novelty and potential that gene editing offers through the CRISPR/Cas9 system, works conducted in plants with neotropical origin, focused on understanding and implementing drought tolerance mechanisms, are also mentioned. The methodologies described here could become practical options to achieve food security in the frame of the adverse effects caused by anthropogenic climate change.
Subject(s)
Gossypium/microbiology , Climate Change , Zea maysABSTRACT
We aimed to investigate the effects of Calendula officinalis and Echinacea purpurea extracts in terms of growth parameters, antibacterial activity and phenolic profile in tomato infected by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (CmmT7). A significant difference was observed in E. purpuraextract, indicating the highest effects on plant height (27.25 cm), fresh plant weight (28.45 cm), root length (24.42 cm), and root weight (6.74 g) (p<0.05). Moreover, Calendula officinalis and Echinacea purpurea extracts showed significant inhibitory activity against CmmT7 (p<0.05). Among phenolic compounds, the only chlorogenic acid amounts were varied in the tomato seedlings leaves with C. officinalis extract (K3) + CmmT7, E. purpurea extract (E3) + CmmT7 and CmmT7 (p<0.01). Moreover, chlorogenic acid amount was approximately 9 times higher than in CmmT7-treated leaves when compared to control. The results showed that application of the extracts of these plants had a significant influence on bacterial canker and growth parameters.
Nuestro objetivo fue investigar los efectos de los extractos de Calendula officinalis y Echinacea purpurea en términos de parámetros de crecimiento, actividad antibacteriana y perfil fenólico en tomate infectado por Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (CmmT7). Se observó una diferencia significativa en el extracto de E. purpura, que indica los mayores efectos sobre la altura de la planta (27,25 cm), el peso de la planta fresca(28,45 cm), la longitud de la raíz (24,42 cm) y el peso de la raíz (6,74 g) (p<0,05). Además, los extractos de Calendula officinalis y Echinacea purpurea mostraron una actividad inhibidora significativa contra CmmT7 (p<0,05). Entre los compuestos fenólicos, las únicas cantidades de ácido clorogénico se variaron en las hojas de las plántulas de tomate con extracto de C. officinalis (K3) CmmT7, extracto de E. purpurea(E3) CmmT7 y CmmT7 (p<0.01). Además, la cantidad de ácido clorogénico fue aproximadamente 9 veces mayor que en las hojas tratadas con CmmT7 en comparación con el control. Los resultados mostraron que la aplicación de los extractos de estas plantas tuvo una influencia significativa sobre el cancro bacteriano y los parámetros de crecimiento.
Subject(s)
Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Calendula/chemistry , Echinacea/chemistry , Clavibacter/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Plant Diseases , Plants, Medicinal , Plant Extracts/chemistry , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Solanum lycopersicum , Plant Leaves , Phenolic Compounds/analysis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistryABSTRACT
ABSTRACT The small tomato fruit borer Neoleucinodes elegantalis is a pest of wild and cultivated solanaceous of economic importance, such as tomatoes, eggplant, peppers and scarlet eggplant. We compared the development, survival and reproduction of N. elegantalis in cultivated and wild Solanaceae as alternative hosts in the absence of tomato plants in the field. The development time was significantly affected by the host plant and was longer in larvae feeding on eggplant. Survival of the immature stages was higher in larvae fed on tomato and eggplant, although the development cycle was completed in all hosts. Fecundity was also influenced by the host plant and was lower when the larvae fed on scarlet eggplant and the wild solanaceae Solanum paniculatum (jurubeba). The net reproductive rate was lower in jurubeba and the intrinsic growth rate was higher in Solanum sp. The results show that both wild Solanum species can act as alternative hosts for N. elegantalis during the intercropping of tomato in winter and autumn and may thus act as larval reservoirs for infestations on cultivated species. The large number of hosts able to sustain the development of N. elegantalis is another factor, together with world's climate changes, to increase the invasive potential of N. elegantalis into tomato-producing countries.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The transgenic plant anti-caries vaccine has gradually demonstrated its unique advantages due to its simple production process, low price, good immunogenicity, safety and effectiveness, and has become a research focus in recent years. OBJECTIVE: To immunize the Sprague-Dawley rats with transgenic tomatoes carrying chimeric protein of PAcA/CTB by gavage and to observe the immunogenicity and immunoreactivity in the rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a positive control group, an experimental group and a negative control group, in which the rats were given deactivated Streptococcus mutans, transgenic tomatoes carrying PAcA/CTB, and normal tomatoes by gavage, respectively, at 1 week after establishment of dental caries models in animals. The intragastric administration was done once a week for 4 continuous weeks. Blood and saliva samples of rats were collected before immunization and 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after immunization to detect the levels of IgG and sIgA antibodies against Streptococcus mutans PAcA by ELISA. The upper and lower molars of the rats at the age of 57 days were scored for dental caries. The study protocol was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Zunyi Medical University. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Compared with the negative control group, positive control and experimental groups had a significant increase in the levels of anti-PAcA sIgA in saliva at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after immunization (P < 0.01). Compared with the negative control group, the positive control group showed a significant increased level of anti-PAcA IgG in serum at 1-4 weeks after immunization (P < 0.05), while the experimental group had a significantly increased level of anti-PAcA IgG in serum at 2-4 weeks after immunization (P < 0.01). Tooth damage was minimized, only a few of caries reached the superficial dentin layer, and the number of caries was the least in the positive control group, followed by the experimental group and the negative control group in turn. To conclude, the transgenic tomatoes expressing PAcA/CTB has certain immunogenicity and immunoreactivity which can effectively immunize the rats by gavage and reduce the incidence of dental caries.
ABSTRACT
Solanum lycopersicum phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 5 (SlPAL5) gene regulates the metabolism of phenolic compounds. The study of transcription factors that regulate the expression of SlPAL5 gene is of great significance to elucidate the regulatory mechanism underlying the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in tomato fruit induced by UV-C irradiation. Here, yeast one-hybrid library of tomato fruit was constructed, and the yeast one-hybrid technology was used to screen the transcription factors that regulate the expression of SlPAL5, the key gene related to the synthesis of phenolic compounds in tomato fruit. As a result, a transcription factor, SlERF7, was obtained and sequenced, followed by the blast homology analysis. Further experiments confirmed that SlERF7 interacted with the promoter of SlPAL5 gene. In addition, UV-C irradiation significantly increased the expression level of SlERF7. These results indicate that SlERF7, which is regulated by UV-C irradiation, might be involved in regulating the transcription of SlPAL5, which provided foundations for further studying the regulation mechanism of the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in tomato fruit induced by UV-C irradiation.
Subject(s)
Fruit , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Solanum lycopersicum/metabolism , Phenols , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Transcription Factors/metabolismABSTRACT
To screen the available tomato pollution-safe cultivar varieties and reduce the potential food safety risks in Cd-polluted areas, the differences of Cd accumulation in different tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) varieties in southern China were studied by soil culture and hydroponic experiments. Firstly, the high and low accumulation varieties were selected from 25 tomato varieties under 2.94 mg/kg Cd stress by soil culture test, and then the responses of high and low accumulation tomato varieties to Cd stress were determined by hydroponic experiments. The results of soil culture test show that under 2.94 mg/kg Cd stress, there were significant differences in plant height, total biomass and yield among 25 tomato cultivars, and the Cd contents of fruits of all 25 tomato cultivars exceeded the highest limit value (0.05 mg/kg) of CAC (Codex alimentarius commission). Through cluster analysis, 7, 4 and 14 varieties accumulating relatively high, medium, and low concentrations of Cd in the fruits were screened, among which the highest, the lowest, and the average Cd contents in the fruits were 3.06 mg/kg DW, 1.47 mg/kg DW, and 2.21 mg/kg DW, respectively. The results of hydroponic experiment show that under the same concentration of Cd stress, Qiantangxuri F1, a high Cd accumulating variety, absorbed Cd faster, accumulated more Cd, used shorter oxidative stress response time and had stronger tolerance to Cd than Zhefen 3053, a low Cd accumulating variety. The typical high and low Cd accumulating varieties can provide a reference for agricultural production in heavy metal polluted areas and the development of molecular-assisted breeding methods of PSC. At present, cultivating low Cd accumulating PSC varieties and dynamic monitoring of Cd contents in tomato fruits are feasible methods in medium and light Cd-polluted areas.